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5SDF1045H0002 3BHL000986P3002

PID参数整定注意事项

1、整定PID参数时，一定要力求工况稳定，尤其是衰减曲线法整定PID，否则工艺中的其他干扰进入系统，就不能得到正确的4:1~10:1衰减比例度和衰减周期，就不能求得最佳PID参数。

2、一个运行正常的自控系统，如果改变给定值(或系统受干扰)，在无纸记录仪上观察曲线上、下波动2-3次就能稳定下来，一般可认为过渡过程在4:1~10:1的范围内。但是，对反应较快的流量、管道压力和小容量的液位调节系统，耍在无纸记录仪上严格地认定4:1~10:1的衰减曲线就比较困难。这时，可通过观察执行器动作的变化来判断。如果来回摆动2次就达到稳定，就可以近似认为是4:1衰减过程。

3、在整定参数无把握的情况下，一般都不宜把初始试验参数放得太灵敏，例如比例度不宜放得太小，以免系统出现振荡。一般作法是在手动控制时，阀门需要开得较大者，P值(比例度)可选得小一些；阀门不需要开得较大者，P值(比例度)可逃得大一些。

5、在温度调节系统中，由于容量滞后太大，有时积分时间要用在15min以上。对于P值(比例度)，当量程范围小或调节阀尺寸选得较大时，P值(比例度)可选得大一些。

6、在前面介绍的PID整定方法中，都是先比例，后积分、微分。但在实际应用中，也可以先把积分时间、微分时间定下来，再去整定比例度。实践证明，该方法有时比先定比例度效果还好。

7、正确分析记录曲线

◆比例度P值变化的影响，比例度越大，说明比例作用越弱，使过渡过程曲线变化缓慢；振荡周期加长；衰减比变大。因此在有干扰或改变给定值使曲线恢复缓慢时，可将比例度P值变小。

◆积分时间I的影响：积分作用的强弱取决于积分时间I的大小。I大时，积分作用弱，I小时，积分作用强。一般变化趋势是I越小，积分作用越强，曲线振荡加剧，周期缩短，余差越来越小。但如果I太小，由于积分作用太强，会造成曲线剧烈振荡，反而使消除余差的时间变长。

◆微分时间D的影响：微分作用的强弱主要看微分时问的大小。D越大，微分作用越强，这和积分时间刚好相反。微分作用越强，调节作用越强，其结果使振荡越来越剧烈，周期也越来越短。

8、PID参数整定并不是万能的，因为系统的控制质量与对象特性、干扰形式和大小、控制方案等都有关系，所以当控制方案选择不当时，PID参数怎样调整，也不能达到预期的控制效果。

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5SDF1045H0002 3BHL000986P3002

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